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By Michael A. Dyer (Eds.)
In recent times, a few molecular pathways and mobile methods which are crucial for regular vertebrate improvement were implicated in melanoma initiation and development. during this quantity, leaders within the box of melanoma genetics and developmental biology percentage fresh insights into the significance of developmental pathways for tumorigenesis. those discoveries supply vital avenues for leading edge new techniques to treating essentially the most demanding developmental tumors.Provides researchers an outline and synthesis of the newest examine findings and modern concept within the areaThere at the moment are a great number of molecular unique cures for the therapy of melanoma. a lot of those cures aim pathways which are crucial for regular improvement. for this reason, this quantity presents an up-to-the-minute and well timed point of view on these pathways and organic methods that carry the best promise for precise intervention.
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Extra resources for Cancer and Development
Example text
Recently, however, Sareddy et al. , 2009b). , 2009a). , 2009a). , 2009). 4. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) signaling Finally, the TGF-b pathway has multiple roles in development and physiology, including roles in cell differentiation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and immune response. Like the previously mentioned pathways, it also been shown to play a role in neurogenesis and has been implicated in a large number of cancers including glioma. The TGF-b ligands, which are a subset of a larger superfamily that includes BMPs and activins, bind to Type I and Type II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors and propagate their signal through the Smads.
Cell cycle and apoptosis regulation The retinoblastoma (RB)-mediated binding of the E2F family of transcription factors is an important block to unrestrained proliferation. RBmediated cell cycle inhibition is overcome by genetic alterations in the RB gene itself, which is mutated in $24% of high-grade astrocytomas. , 2007). On the other hand, the p53 tumor 18 Sheila R. Alcantara Llaguno et al. 1 Genetic pathways in malignant glioma. Simplified schematic of genetic alterations frequently found in malignant gliomas, including growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle and apoptosis regulation.
Proliferation at adult ages, however, is confined to distinct brain regions. The capacity of adult neural cells to initiate glioma formation was demonstrated using genetic and stereotactic viral delivery methods that allow specific targeting of NSCs and their progeny. , 2009a). , 2010). , 2009). , 2009). These data provide evidence that neural stem and progenitor cells can give rise to malignant astrocytomas using tumor suppressor mutations that are most prevalent in human tumors (Fig. 2). By analogy, these data suggest that human astrocytomas are more likely to originate from self-renewing neural stem and progenitor cells than mature, differentiated cell types.